Ethics in International Affairs IRL4527 L, Adibayeva Aigul

data or biological samples which have been stripped of information, such as name or medical record number, which personally identifies individuals.

an approach to ethics, such as Kantianism, which emphasizes adherence to rules or principles of conduct.

treating people differently based on irrelevant characteristics, such as skin color, ethnicity, or gender.

processes used to prevent human research subjects and researchers from discovering who is receiving an experimental treatment vs. a placebo. Double-blinding is used to control for the placebo effect.

research that can be readily used for beneficial or harmful purposes.

republishing the same paper or data without proper acknowledgment.

in human subjects research, research that is conducted when a subject who cannot provide informed consent faces a life-threatening illness that requires immediate treatment and has no available legally authorized representative to provide consent. The Food and Drug Administration has developed special rules for emergency research involving products that it regulates.

an unintended adverse outcome; a mistake.

A situation in which two or more potential actions appear to be equally justifiable from an ethical point of view, i.e. one must choose between the lesser of two evils or the greater of two goods.

Making a decision in response to a moral dilemma based a careful and thorough assessment of the different options in light of the facts and circumstances and ethical considerations.