Ethics in International Affairs IRL4527 L, Adibayeva Aigul

in human subjects research, research that is conducted when a subject who cannot provide informed consent faces a life-threatening illness that requires immediate treatment and has no available legally authorized representative to provide consent. The Food and Drug Administration has developed special rules for emergency research involving products that it regulates.

republishing the same paper or data without proper acknowledgment.

research that can be readily used for beneficial or harmful purposes.

processes used to prevent human research subjects and researchers from discovering who is receiving an experimental treatment vs. a placebo. Double-blinding is used to control for the placebo effect.

treating people differently based on irrelevant characteristics, such as skin color, ethnicity, or gender.

an approach to ethics, such as Kantianism, which emphasizes adherence to rules or principles of conduct.

data or biological samples which have been stripped of information, such as name or medical record number, which personally identifies individuals.

the ability to make sound decisions. DMC is often situational and comes in degrees: for example, a person may be able to order food from a menu but not be able to make a decision concerning complex medical treatment. Factors that can compromise DMC include mental illness or disability, extreme emotional stress, drugs, age, or serious physical illness. DMC is not the same as legal competence: a demented adult may be legally competent but lack DMC.

in human subjects research, using methods to deceive subjects about the goals and nature of a study or the methods, tests, interventions, or procedures used in the study. See also Placebo, Observer effect.

an agreement between institutions for the sharing and use of research data.