Glossary
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Question: (Last edited: Friday, 31 July 2020, 9:40 PM)Precautionary principle (PP) | |||
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Answer: an approach to decision-making which holds that we should take reasonable measures to prevent, minimize, or mitigate harms which are plausible and serious. Some countries have used the PP to make decisions concerning environmental protection or technology development. See also Risk/benefit analysis, Risk management. | |||
Question: (Last edited: Friday, 31 July 2020, 9:41 PM)Preponderance of evidence | |||
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Answer: in the law, a standard of proof in which a claim is proven if the evidence shows that it is more likely true than false (i.e. probability > 50%). Preponderance of evidence is the legal standard generally used in research misconduct cases. This standard is much lower than the standard used in criminal cases, i.e. proof beyond reasonable doubt. | |||
Question: (Last edited: Friday, 31 July 2020, 9:44 PM)Privacy | |||
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Answer: a state of being free from unwanted intrusion into one’s personal space, private information, or personal affairs. See also Confidentiality. | |||
Question: (Last edited: Friday, 31 July 2020, 9:45 PM)Proprietary research | |||
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Answer: research that a private company owns and keeps secret. | |||
Question: (Last edited: Friday, 31 July 2020, 9:45 PM)Protocol | |||
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Answer: a set of steps, methods, or procedures for performing an activity, such as a scientific experiment. | |||
Question: (Last edited: Friday, 31 July 2020, 9:46 PM)Protocol, deviation | |||
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Answer: a departure from a protocol. In human subjects research, serious or continuing deviations from approved protocols should be promptly reported to the institutional review board. | |||
Question: (Last edited: Friday, 31 July 2020, 9:47 PM)Publication bias | |||
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Answer: bias related to the tendency publish or not publish certain types of research. For example, some studies have documented a bias toward publishing positive results. | |||
Question: (Last edited: Friday, 31 July 2020, 9:47 PM)Quality control/quality assurance | |||
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Answer: processes for planning, conducting, monitoring, overseeing, and auditing an activity (such as research) to ensure that it meets appropriate standards of quality. | |||
Question: (Last edited: Friday, 31 July 2020, 9:48 PM)Questionable research practices (QRPs) | |||
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Answer: research practices that are regarded by many as unethical but are not considered to be research misconduct. Duplicate publication and Honorary authorship are considered by many to be QRPs. | |||