Ethics in International Affairs IRL4527 L, Adibayeva Aigul

a process for randomly assigning subjects to different treatment groups in a clinical trial or other biomedical experiment.

an experiment, such as a clinical trial, in which subjects are randomly assigned to receive an experimental intervention or a control.

1. A type of law developed and implemented by a government agency. 2. The process of regulating or controlling some activity.

an agreement between two institutions in which one institution agrees to oversee human subjects research for the other institution for a particular study or group of studies.

in human subjects research, providing financial compensation to subjects.

the ability for an independent researcher to achieve the same results of an experiment, test, or study, under the same conditions. A research paper should include information necessary for other scientists to reproduce the results. Reproducibility is different from repeatability, in which researchers repeat their own experiments to verify the results. Reproducibility is one of the hallmarks of good science.

A systematic attempt to develop new knowledge.

 See Compliance.

1. Ethical conduct in research. 2. The study of ethical conduct in research. See Responsible conduct of research.

an institution, such as a university or government or private laboratory, which is involved in conducting research.

following ethical standards in the conduct of research. See Research ethics.

an administrator at a research institution who is responsible for responding to reports of suspected research misconduct.

intentional, knowing, or reckless behavior in research that is widely viewed as highly unethical and often illegal. Most definitions define research misconduct as fabrication or falsification of data or plagiarism, and some include other behaviors in the definition, such as interfering with a misconduct investigation, significant violations of human research regulations, or serious deviations from commonly accepted practices. Honest errors and scientific disputes are not regarded as misconduct.

 If suspected research misconduct is reported at an institution, the Research integrity official may appoint an inquiry committee to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to conduct an investigation. If the committee determines that there is sufficient evidence, an investigative committee will be appointed to gather evidence and interview witnesses. The investigative committee will determine whether there is sufficient evidence to prove misconduct and make a recommendation concerning adjudication of the case to the research integrity official.

an organization, such as a government agency or private company, which funds research.

a living individual who is the subject of an experiment or study involving the collection of the individual's private data or biological samples (see also human subjects research).

a moral principle, with roots in Kantian philosophy, which holds that we should respect the choices of autonomous decision-makers (see Autonomy, Decision-making capacity) and that we should protect the interests of those who have diminished autonomy (see Vulnerable subject). See also Belmont Report.

 following ethical and scientific standards and legal and institutional rules in the conduct of research. See also Research ethics, Research integrity.

 withdrawing or removing a published paper from the research record because the data or results have subsequently been found to be unreliable or because the paper involves research misconduct. Journals publish retraction notices and identify retracted papers in electronic databases to alert the scientific community to problems with the paper. See Correction.

a legal or moral entitlement. Rights generally imply duties or obligations. For example, if A has a right not be killed then B has a duty not to kill A.

 the product of the probability and magnitude (or severity) of a potential harm.

 the process of identifying, assessing, and deciding how best to deal with the risks of an activity, policy, or technology. See also Precautionary principle.

in human subjects research, the ethical and legal principle that the risks to the subjects should be minimized using appropriate methods, procedures (such as Subject selection rules), or other safety measures (such as a Data and safety monitoring board).

a process for determining an acceptable level of risk, given the potential benefits of an activity or technology. See also Risk Management, Precautionary Principle.

in human subjects research, the ethical and legal principle that the risks to the subjects should be reasonable in relation to the benefits to the subjects or society. See Risk/benefit analysis, Social value.