a clinical trial in which the control group receives a treatment known to be effective. The goal of the trial is to compare different treatments.

an experiment designed to test the safety or efficacy of a type of therapy (such as a drug).

a researcher involved in conducting a clinical trial

research that the government keeps secret to protect national security. Access to classified research is granted to individuals with the appropriate security clearance on a need-to-know basis.

failing to cite important work in the field in a paper, book, or presentation.

taking steps to prevent or deter the public communication of information or ideas. In science, censorship may involve prohibiting the publication of research or allowing publication only in redacted form (with some information removed).

the study of ethical, social, or legal issues arising in biomedicine and biomedical research.

a repository for storing biological samples or data to be used in research. Biobanks usually require investigators or institutions to agree to certain conditions as a condition for sharing samples or data with them.

 the tendency for research results to reflect the scientist’s (or sponsor's) subjective opinions, unproven assumptions, political views, or personal or financial interests, rather than the truth or facts. See also Conflict of Interest.

a desirable outcome or state of affairs, such as medical treatment, clinically useful information, or self-esteem. In the oversight of human subjects research, money is usually not treated as a benefit.